Misleading Advertising of Health-Related Products in Ecuador during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic increased tuning ratings during this time. The aim of this study was to identify misleading advertising of health-related products on Ecuadorian television during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Television channels were monitored for 111 h in the months of June and October 2020. Verbal, nonverbal and context content were analyzed from each advertising spot according to ethical standards for the promotion of products for human health Results A total of 667 spots were analyzed. Most, 90%, involved misleading advertising of health-related products. Products for gastrointestinal conditions were the most publicized (17.8%) during the period analyzed. Newscasts most often advertised products intended to improve sexual potency (22.9%) and to a lesser degree those intended to prevent and treat respiratory problems (1.8%); this relationship was reversed when compared to general programming (p < 0.05). Conclusions Most of the health-related products advertised on Ecuadorian television are advertised misleadingly, with news programs having the highest number of such advertisements per hour of programming.

Consideraciones éticas en la dispensación de medicamentos en farmacias de Ecuador / Ethical considerations in the dispensing of medications in pharmacies in Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: Los farmacéuticos enfrentan conflictos éticos en la dispensación de medicamentos. La resolución de estos asegura un servicio eficaz, seguro, digno y de calidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar desde una perspectiva ética-deontológica la dispensación de medicamentos en las farmacias de Cuenca-Ecuador, 2018. Material y Métodos: La investigación tuvo un diseño no experimental, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra no probabilística fue de 65 dependientes. Se aplicó un cuestionario para identificar la resolución de conflictos éticos y el nivel de conocimientos sobre Ética y Deontología Farmacéutica. Las respuestas fueron codificadas y analizadas con SPSS 23.0. Resultados: Los conflictos más frecuentes fueron el consentimiento informado (83 por ciento), prescripción médica (95 por ciento) y conflicto de intereses (84 por ciento). La resolución ética de los conflictos fue superior en dependientes capacitados en Ética y Deontología, con una correlación de 0,34 (p= (0,009) con el nivel de conocimientos en Deontología Farmacéutica. El nivel de conocimiento sobre Ética y Deontología Farmacéutica fue bajo en 60 por ciento de la muestra, con asociación inversa a la autopercepción de conocimiento (ρ=-0,259; p≤ 0,001). Conclusiones: La resolución empírica de los conflictos éticos durante el ejercicio de la profesión se realiza sin un fundamento ético-deontológico. El nivel de conocimiento en Ética y Deontología requiere una intervención desde la capacitación institucional y formación profesional de modo que se revierta en la adopción de decisiones acertadas que garanticen la seguridad del paciente como persona(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pharmacists face ethical conflicts related to the dispensing of medications. Their resolution ensures an effective, safe, dignified, and quality service. Objective: To characterize the dispensing of medications from an ethical-deontological perspective in pharmacies of Cuenca-Ecuador in 2018. Material and methods: A non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The non-probability sample consisted of 65 pharmacists. A survey was applied to identify the resolution of ethical conflicts and the level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Deontology. Data were coded and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Results: The most frequent conflicts included informed consent (83 percent), medical prescription (95 percent) and conflict of interests (84 percent).The resolution of ethical conflicts was higher in pharmacists with training in Ethics and Deontology, with a correlation of 0.34 (p =0.009) with the level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Deontology. The level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Deontology was low in 60 percent of the sample, with an inverse association with the self-perception of knowledge (ρ= -0.259; p≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Empirical resolution of ethical conflicts while exercising the profession is carried out without ethical-deontological foundation. The level of knowledge of Ethics and Deontology requires intervention from institutional and professional training so that it is reverted to make the right decisions to guarantee the safety of the patient as a person(AU)

The Practice of Pharmaceutics and the Obligation to Expand Access to Investigational Drugs.

Do pharmaceutical companies have a moral obligation to expand access to investigational drugs to patients outside the clinical trial? One reason for thinking they do not is that expanded access programs might negatively affect the clinical trial process. This potential impact creates dilemmas for practitioners who nevertheless acknowledge some moral reason for expanding access. Bioethicists have explained these reasons in terms of beneficence, compassion, or a principle of rescue, but their arguments have been limited to questions of moral permissibility, leaving for future research the question of whether expanded access is morally obligatory. We take up this further question and argue that pharmaceutical companies have a moral obligation to expand access. Our defense is not based on beneficence, compassion, or rescue, but instead on a reciprocal moral expectation resulting from existing social commitments that help ensure a robust pharmaceutical practice within the broader healthcare system. Our aim is to give this obligation, along with several others, a coherent and plausible structure within the wider clinical trial process so that one might better explain the sources of the dilemmas and their possible resolutions.

Tecendo redes de educação construtivista em Deontologia Farmacêutica: formação e dispositivos ativos na arte de ensinar / Building constructivist education networks in Pharmaceutical Deontology: education and active devices in the art of teaching / Cómo tejer redes de educación constructivista en Deontología Farmacéutica: formación y dispositivos activos en el arte de enseñar

As metodologias ativas (MA), apoiadas em abordagens construtivistas de educação, são importantes ferramentas que permitem tecer redes de formação individual e coletiva. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a vivência do uso de MA e do webfólio como ferramentas de formação construtivista em saúde, visando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para o ensino da Deontologia Farmacêutica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência entre educador e educandos do curso de Farmácia. As MA foram: Acolhimento: o colar diversidade; Deontocinéfilos: viagem educacional e formação construtivista; "Quero olhar pelo seu olhar": compartilhamento dos significados percebidos; Plenária ética simulada: construção da ética profissional farmacêutica; e Uso de mapas conceituais. A utilização desses dispositivos de aprendizagem permitiu a materialização do conteúdo ministrado, a aquisição de competências e, dessa maneira, tornou mais fácil compreender o sentido das práticas sanitárias e, consequentemente, sua aplicabilidade na vida profissional.(AU)

Active education methodologies supported by constructivist education approaches are important tools that enable to build individual and collective education networks. The objective of this article was to report the experience of using active learning methodologies and a webfolio with constructivist health education tools to assist teaching in Pharmaceutical Deontology. It is a teacher-student experience report of the Pharmacology course. The active methodologies were: Embracement: the diversity necklace; Deontocinephile: educational trip and constructivist education; "I want to look through your eyes": Sharing perceived meanings; Mock ethical plenary: building a professional pharmaceutical ethics; Using conceptual maps. These learning devices helped materialize the content and develop competencies, being easier to understand the sanitary practices' meaning and their applicability in professional life.(AU)

Las metodologías activas (MA), apoyadas en abordajes constructivistas de educación, son importantes herramientas que permiten tejer redes de formación individual y colectiva. El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar la vivencia del uso de MA y del webfólio como herramientas de formación constructivista en salud, buscando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para la enseñanza de la deontología farmacéutica. Se trata de un relato de experiencia entre educador y educandos del curso de farmacia. Las MA fueron: Acogida: el collar diversidad; Deontocinéfilos: Viaje educativo y formación constructivista; "Quiero mirar por su mirada": Compartición de los significados percibidos; Plenaria ética simulada: construcción de la ética profesional farmacéutica; Uso de mapas conceptuales. La utilización de esos dispositivos de aprendizaje permitió la materialización del contenido dictado y la adquisición de competencias y, de tal forma, se hizo más fácil comprender el sentido de las prácticas sanitarias y, por lo tanto, su aplicabilidad en la vida profesional.(AU)

Problems and Countermeasure Analysis for Hospital Preparation′s Quality Standard / 中国医学伦理学

This paper discusses the current prevalence of hospital preparations backward quality standard test methods, quality standards for lack of a serious problem , and analyses the reasons from four aspects , proposed to strengthen the construction of a pharmaceutical ethics; examination and approval departments shall strictly agents registration review technical requirements;rectify and improve the quality of all preparation standards;Introduction and training of strengthen pharmacy personnel , and actively improve the quality standard revision work;hospital in-creasing hardware and software construction , support quality standards revision suggestions for the improvement of work, provide reference standard for quality improvement of hospital preparations .